毛竹茎秆叶绿体超微结构及其发射荧光光谱特征

为了探讨毛竹（Phyllostachys pubescens）茎秆的光合特性,以1龄和3龄毛竹为材料,观察了茎秆和叶中叶绿体的超微结构,测定了光合色素含量以及发射荧光光谱。结果表明：茎秆中叶绿体发育完整,其类囊体垛叠程度高于叶,并含有淀粉粒。茎秆中叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素及Chla／b含量显著低于叶（FI〈O．05）。茎秆发射荧光光谱在735nm处没有明显的主峰,1龄和3龄毛竹茎秆光系统lI与光系统I的半峰宽比值分别比叶降低了7．0％和11．3％（P〈0．05）,峰高比值比叶分别增加了6．5％和18．3％（P〈0．05）。四阶导数光谱在650—800nm波长范围内出现了6个极大值,代表LHCII、CP43、CP47、RCI和ILHCI的发射荧光峰以及PSI和PSII的发射荧光副振峰：其中,茎秆中RCI和LHCI特征发射荧光峰与叶相比有不同程度的红移。表明毛竹茎秆叶绿体通过提高Chlb的相对含量和增加类囊体垛叠以及降低LHCI含量,来适应毛竹茎秆以红光为主的光环境。进而协调激发能在2个光系统间的分配。     

Importance of Dietary Cholesterol for the Maturation of Mouse Brain Myelin

The effect of nil (control), 1% (CH-l) and 5% (CH-5) dietary cholesterol on the myelination of mouse brain, and its deposition in the heart and liver were investigated during infancy. Swiss Webstar female mice were given formulated diets from early gestation, and their pups were weaned on the same diet as that of the individual mothers up to 60 days after birth. The test diets increased the liver weight and cholesterol content compared to the control even in suckling pups (20 days), but did not significantly influence the heart weight until 60 days. The cholesterol content of the heart was not increased by the CH-l diet throughout the feeding period, but it did increase the mole ratio of major myelin lipids and hastened its maturation. Myelin cholesterol was 10% higher in 20-day-old suckling pups in the CH-5 group compared to the control. Data indicate that dietary cholesterol altered the brain myelination rate of weaning mice, and that the mother’s dietary cholesterol influenced myelination of the suckling pups.     

汶川地震转运与震区住院患者回顾性对比分析

目的:探讨汶川地震转运与震区住院伤病员的特点和疾病谱.方法:采用“军卫一号“医院信息系统,收集整理三所军队医院收治汶川地震伤病员的诊疗信息.对比转运与震区住院伤病员的入院时间、基本情况和诊疗信息的差异.结果:震后第2日震区住院伤病员入院人数最多,为394人;前4日占震后10日内入院人数的80.6％.全部住院伤病员男性730人,占56.5％,女性562人,占43.5％;汉族占95％,羌族、藏族及其他民族占5％;已婚占76.4％;手术率为36.5％;住院天数的中位数为12天;治愈好转率为96.5％,病死率为1％.转运与震区住院伤病员的性别、年龄组、民族、手术与否和治疗结果构成差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);震区住院伤病员组的住院天数中位数低于转运住院伤病员组(P＜0.00l).按照出院第一诊断,损伤或中毒住院伤病员占81.5％;其他疾病前五位为消化系统疾病、呼吸系统疾病、肌肉骨骼和结缔组织疾病、循环系统疾病、症状和体征.结论:地震等灾害后应尽早(灾后3-5天)转运伤病员.震区一线医院和接收转运伤病员医院应科学、合理设置床位、安排陪护人员、招募志愿者.地震第一阶段医疗救援完成后,救援重点应转向内科和慢性疾病,并提前做好应医疗准备.     

Finite-time Lyapunov exponents and metabolic control coefficients for threshold detection of stimulus–response curves

In biochemical networks transient dynamics plays a fundamental role, since the activation of signalling pathways is determined by thresholds encountered during the transition from an initial state (e.g. an initial concentration of a certain protein) to a steady-state. These thresholds can be defined in terms of the inflection points of the stimulus–response curves associated to the activation processes in the biochemical network. In the present work, we present a rigorous discussion as to the suitability of finite-time Lyapunov exponents and metabolic control coefficients for the detection of inflection points of stimulus–response curves with sigmoidal shape.     

应用分子标记技术改良京作1号的稻瘟病抗性

稻瘟病是危害水稻产量的重要生物胁迫之一。实践证明,解决这一问题的最有效方法是培育具广谱、持久稻瘟病抗性的品种并推广种植。本研究以优质、高产、感稻瘟病的京作1号为轮回亲本,与稻瘟病抗性基因Pi9、Pigm和pi21的供体材料进行杂交、回交和复交,结合分子标记辅助选择和农艺性状筛选,培育不同的单基因导入系和聚合系。苗期人工接种多个稻瘟病菌的结果显示,Pi9抗性改良系的抗性频率达到100%,Pigm抗性改良系平均为90%,均极显著高于轮回亲本京作1号的抗性频率,且农艺性状与京作1号基本一致。pi21抗性改良系的抗性水平与京作1号没有明显差异,单株产量极显著低于京作1号。与轮回亲本相比,Pi9和pi21聚合系的抗性频率极显著提高,达到93.33%,但单株产量明显降低。研究结果证实了Pi9和Pigm基因在大幅度提高抗瘟性的同时对主要农艺性状影响小,都具有较大的育种利用价值。基因pi21抗谱较窄,抗性不强,且可能存在对产量的负效应,不宜单独用来改良水稻品种的稻瘟病抗性,需要与抗性强的主基因聚合,通过多次回交和自交打破该基因与产量的不利连锁累赘。     

A novel algorithm with differential evolution and coral reef optimization for extreme learning machine training

Extreme learning machine (ELM) is a novel and fast learning method to train single layer feed-forward networks. However due to the demand for larger number of hidden neurons, the prediction speed of ELM is not fast enough. An evolutionary based ELM with differential evolution (DE) has been proposed to reduce the prediction time of original ELM. But it may still get stuck at local optima. In this paper, a novel algorithm hybridizing DE and metaheuristic coral reef optimization (CRO), which is called differential evolution coral reef optimization (DECRO), is proposed to balance the explorative power and exploitive power to reach better performance. The thought and the implement of DECRO algorithm are discussed in this article with detail. DE, CRO and DECRO are applied to ELM training respectively. Experimental results show that DECRO-ELM can reduce the prediction time of original ELM, and obtain better performance for training ELM than both DE and CRO.     

Structural (UV) and carotenoid‐based plumage coloration – signals for parental investment?

Parental care increases parental fitness through improved offspring condition and survival but comes at a cost for the caretaker(s). To increase life‐time fitness, caring parents are, therefore, expected to adjust their reproductive investment to current environmental conditions and parental capacities. The latter is thought to be signaled via ornamental traits of the bearer. We here investigated whether pre‐ and/or posthatching investment of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) parents was related to ornamental plumage traits (UV crown coloration and carotenoid‐based plumage coloration) expressed by either the individual itself (i.e. “good parent hypothesis”) or its partner (i.e. “differential allocation hypothesis”). Our results show that neither prehatching (that is clutch size and offspring begging intensity) nor posthatching parental investment (provisioning rate, offspring body condition at fledging) was related to an individual's UV crown coloration or to that of its partner. Similar observations were made for carotenoid‐based plumage coloration, except for a consistent positive relationship between offspring begging intensity and maternal carotenoid‐based plumage coloration. This sex‐specific pattern likely reflects a maternal effect mediated via maternally derived egg substances, given that the relationship persisted when offspring were cross‐fostered. This suggests that females adjust their offspring's phenotype toward own phenotype, which may facilitate in particular mother‐offspring co‐adaptation. Overall, our results contribute to the current state of evidence that structural or pigment‐based plumage coloration of blue tits are inconsistently correlated with central life‐history traits.     

Estimation of the diversity between DNA calorimetric profiles,differential melting curves and corresponding melting temperatures

The Poland–Fixman–Freire formalism was adapted for modeling of calorimetric DNA melting profiles, and applied to plasmid pBR 322 and long random sequences. We studied the influence of the difference (H_GC?H_AT) between the helix‐coil transition enthalpies of AT and GC base pairs on the calorimetric melting profile and on normalized calorimetric melting profile. A strong alteration of DNA calorimetrical profile with H_GC?H_AT was demonstrated. In contrast, there is a relatively slight change in the normalized profiles and in corresponding ordinary (optical) normalized differential melting curves (DMCs). For fixed H_GC?H_AT, the average relative deviation (S) between DMC and normalized calorimetric profile, and the difference between their melting temperatures (T_cal?T_m) are weakly dependent on peculiarities of the multipeak fine structure of DMCs. At the same time, both the deviation S and difference (T_cal?T_m) enlarge with the temperature melting range of the helix‐coil transition. It is shown that the local deviation between DMC and normalized calorimetric profile increases in regions of narrow peaks distant from the melting temperature.     

Analysis of the length distribution of amyloid fibrils by centrifugal sedimentation

The aggregation of normally soluble peptides and proteins into amyloid fibrils is a process associated with a wide range of pathological conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. It has become apparent that aggregates of different sizes possess markedly different biological effects, with aggregates of lower relative molecular weight being associated with stronger neurotoxicity. Yet, although many approaches exist to measure the total mass concentration of aggregates, the ability to probe the length distribution of growing aggregates in solution has remained more elusive. In this work, we applied a differential centrifugation technique to measure the sedimentation coefficients of amyloid fibrils produced during the aggregation process of the amyloid β (M1–42) peptide (Aβ42). The centrifugal method has the advantage of providing structural information on the fibril distribution directly in solution and affording a short analysis time with respect to alternative imaging and analytical centrifugation approaches. We show that under quiescent conditions interactions between Aβ42 fibrils lead to lateral association and to the formation of entangled clusters. By contrast, aggregation under shaking generates a population of filaments characterized by shorter lengths. The results, which have been validated by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) analysis, highlight the important role that fibril–fibril assembly can play in the deposition of aggregation-prone peptides.     

蒙古野驴的繁殖行为观察

2014年6月至2015年8月期间,对分布在内蒙古自治区包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗中蒙边境地区(41°14′~42°40′N,109°16′~110°26′E)和内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市乌拉特梭梭林-蒙古野驴国家级自然保护区(41°50′~42°27′N,106°15′~108°00′E)的两个野驴群(1♂3♀和2♂3♀)的繁殖行为进行研究。采用目标取样法以及目标取样法与扫描取样法相结合的方法对蒙古野驴的发情交配、产前反应、生产过程及产后行为进行观察。共记录到4类35种繁殖行为,分别为争斗行为、性行为、分娩行为和母幼联系行为。结果表明,雄驴平均日爬跨(4.2±1.7)次(n=14),射精(3.7±1.3)次(n=13),平均邀配持续时间(从雌雄驴靠近调情始到爬跨或其中一个走开止)为(26.6±22.0)s(n=13),平均抽动持续时间为(10.6±1.9)s(n=14),平均阴茎置入持续时间为(18.3±8.8)s(n=13),平均爬跨间隔为(685.7±569.6)s(n=14),平均射精间隔为(924.0±790.0)s(n=10)。蒙古野驴的交配模式属于Dewsbury分类系统中的第11种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、多次射精)类型和Dixon分类系统中的第12种(无锁结、有抽动、单次插入、无单次长时间插入)类型。本研究较完整地建立了蒙古野驴繁殖行为谱,提供了繁殖行为方面的基础资料。